Sachs <contact me> Herbert Hoover: The Triumph and Tragedy of 'American Individualism' by Stephen E. History Day 1997 Senior Division. Herbert Hoover (back) with his brother, Theodore Jesse, and his sister, Mary (called May), c. ![]() The New Deal. In early 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt`s goals when he took the helm as president. At his side stood a Democratic Congress, prepared to enact the measures carved out by a group of his closest advisors — dubbed the “Brain Trust. One recurring theme in the recovery plan was Roosevelt’s pledge to help the “forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid. The statement by National Catholic War Council in 1. Father John A. Ryan, contained recommendations that would later be regarded as precursors of the New Deal. The term . As yet there has been no final failure, because there has been no attempt, and I decline to assume that this nation is unable to meet the situation. ![]() The New Deal effects would take time; some 1. March 1. 93. 3, and virtually every bank was shuttered. The New Deal programs were born in Brain Trust meetings prior to Roosevelt’s inauguration, and also were a grateful nod to Theodore Roosevelt`s . Members of the group included Raymond Moley, an American journalist and public figure; Rexford Tugwell, Adolf Berle of Columbia University, attorney Basil O`Connor, and later, Felix Frankfurter of Harvard Law School. Many of Roosevelt`s presidential campaign advisors continued to counsel him after he was elected, among them Berle, Moley, Tugwell, Harry Hopkins, and Samuel I. Rosenman; but they never met again as a group after his inauguration. Herbert Hoover. Opening the way for the New Deal, President Herbert Hoover was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Election of 1. Hoover, who had been blamed for the stock market crash and the Depression, strongly opposed Roosevelt`s New Deal legislation, in which the federal government assumed responsibility for the welfare of the nation by maintaining a high level of economic activity. According to Hoover, Roosevelt had been slow to reveal his New Deal programs during the presidential campaign and worried that the new president would sink the nation into deficit spending to pay for the New Deal. Roosevelt never consulted Hoover, nor did he involve him in government in any way during his presidential term. The . Immediately he began to submit reform and recovery measures for congressional validation. Virtually all the important bills he proposed were enacted by Congress. The 9. 9- day (March 9- June 1. The opening topic was the Bank Crisis. Primarily, he spoke on a variety of topics to inform Americans and exhort them to support his domestic agenda, and later, the war effort. During Roosevelt`s first year as president, Congress passed laws to protect stock and bond investors. Among the measures enacted during the first Hundred Days were the following. Emergency Banking Act (March 9), provided the president with the means to reopen viable banks and regulate banking; Economy Act (March 2. Beer- Wine Revenue Act (March 2. Civilian Conservation Corps Act (March 3. ![]() Three million young men, between the ages of 1. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC); Federal Emergency Relief Act (May 1. Terms: 1929-1933 Political Party: Republican First Lady: Lou Henry Hoover Vice President: Charles Curtis. Born: August 10, 1874 in West. Federal Emergency Relief Administration to distribute $5. Administered by Harry Hopkins for relief or for wages on public works, that federal agency would eventually pay out about $3 billion; Agricultural Adjustment Act (May 1. Agricultural Adjustment Administration to decrease crop surpluses by subsidizing farmers who voluntarily cut back on production; Thomas Amendment to the Agricultural Adjustment Act, permitted the president to inflate the currency in various ways; Tennessee Valley Authority Act (May 1. Tennessee Valley, coupled with agricultural and industrial planning, to generate and sell the power, and to engage in area development. The TVA was given an assignment to improve the economic and social circumstances of the people living in the river basin; and the. Before the presidency. He was born in West Branch, Iowa. He is the first president born west of the Mississippi River. Herbert Hoover was a businessman. Article Details: Herbert Hoover. Lake Mead, the reservoir created behind the dam, is named after Elwood Mead who oversaw the construction of the dam. Listed on the National Register of Historic. Herbert Hoover's Childhood and Education: Hoover was born on August 10, 1874 in West Branch, Iowa. From age 10, he lived in Oregon. Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa, the first of his office born in that state and west of the Mississippi River. Federal Securities Act (May 2. During the Second Hundred Days, those measures enacted included. Joint resolution to abandon the gold standard (June 5); National Employment System Act (June 6), to create the U. S. Employment Service; Home Owners Refinancing Act (June 1. Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) to refinance non- farm home mortgages; Glass- Steagall Banking Act (June 1. Federal Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation, that insured deposits up to $5,0. Farm Credit Act (June 1. Emergency Railroad Transportation Act (June 1. National Industrial Recovery Act (June 1. National Recovery Administration and the Public Works Administration. The CWA provided funds to such authorities as mayors and governors for public projects including road, bridge, and school construction, park restoration, and others. Critics castigated the CWA as make- work, much of it useless. After a few months, Roosevelt terminated the CWA, but other programs enjoyed longer lives. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) lasted from 1. Its members produced notable and lasting results with flood control, soil conservation and forestry programs. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was established in 1. Between that year and 1. WPA employed an average of two million people a year. The WPA went on to spend billions on reforestation, flood control, rural electrification, water works, sewage plants, school buildings, slum clearance, student scholarships, and other projects. Their crowning achievement came in the completion of the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia in 1. The New Deal also greatly influenced the American Labor Movement, especially through the following legislation. Through the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1. National Recovery Administration (NRA) came into being. The NRA attempted to revive industry by raising wages, reducing work hours and reining in unbridled competition. Portions of the NRA were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1. Works Progress Administration (WPA), which was the second part of the NRA, was allowed to stand. The majority of its collective bargaining stipulations survived in two subsequent bills. The NRA — a product of meetings among such “Brain Trust. The act bolstered the American Federation of Labor, and pointed to the inception of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (C. I. O.), another labor movement. The act also provided that the hours worked would drop to 4. In addition, the bill made child labor under the age of 1. Beginning in 1. 93. Congress enacted the Social Security Act of 1. Small businesses, homeowners and the oil and railroad industries were given help by other legislation. Who paid for the New Deal? The foregoing projects, and others, were expensive, and the government was not taking in enough revenue to avoid deficit spending. To fund all the new legislation, government spending rose. Spending in 1. 91. The government modified taxes to tap wealthy people the most, who could take it in stride most easily. The deficit was made up in part by raising taxes and borrowing money through the sale of government bonds. Meanwhile, the national debt climbed to unprecedented heights. Supreme Court. Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes provided a swing vote during the critical Depression and New Deal eras, although liberal senators had assumed that he would hold conservative positions when he was nominated by Hoover in 1. Critics have suggested that some of Hughes’ pro- New Deal stances were prompted by a desire to weaken FDR`s court- packing scheme, not by conviction. He supported Franklin Roosevelt’s decision not to pay government obligations in gold, provided a critical vote upholding collective bargaining rights under the Wagner Act and upheld the controversial Social Security Act. On other occasions, however, Hughes dealt severe blows to the New Deal, most notably in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1. National Industrial Recovery Act. In 1. 93. 7, Hughes publicly opposed Roosevelt’s plan to pack the Supreme Court with sympathetic justices and offered his opinion in writing to the Senate Judiciary Committee. Opponents of the New Deal. By 1. 93. 4, the New Deal was encountering opposition from both ends of the political spectrum. All around the country, brazen unions — some Marxist- influenced — sparked job actions, including a city- wide strike in San Francisco. Nevertheless, the most prominent left- wing threat to Roosevelt was a Louisiana senator, Huey P. Long, who railed at the New Deal for not doing enough. Conservatives argued that Roosevelt had done too much. Some of them organized the American Liberty League in August 1. However, in the mid- term elections, the Democrats gained enough seats in both houses of Congress to enjoy veto- proof majorities. The nation saw measurable progress by 1. New Deal. The president`s experiments alarmed them. The rich, conservatives, numerous businessmen — and those who were all three — vigorously opposed the New Deal. They were dismayed by his toleration of budget deficits and his removal of the nation from the gold standard, and were disgusted by legislation favorable to labor. Supreme Court had been nullifying crucial New Deal legislation, but the president was re- elected by a wide margin in 1. That nationwide endorsement of FDR, who carried every state except Vermont and Maine, convinced him that he had popular backing. To capitalize on it, Roosevelt introduced legislation to expand the federal courts, ostensibly as a straightforward organizational reform, but actually to . He was unsuccessful, but constitutional law would eventually change to allow the government to regulate the national economy. Conclusion. As the free world geared up to fight the Axis powers, Roosevelt began to turn his attention away from domestic policies and toward helping the Allies, while maintaining an isolationist position towards entering the fighting of World War II. With America’s eventual entry into the war, that nation’s economy continued to improve. Large- scale production of military equipment and the draft turned America’s eyes toward a larger enemy than the beast of poverty that it had once known during The Great Depression, thus closing the chapter on the New Deal. Herbert Hoover - Wikipedia. Herbert Hoover. Hoover in 1. President of the United States. In office. March 4, 1. Roosevelt. 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce. In office. March 5, 1. Harding. Calvin Coolidge. Preceded by. Joshua W. Alexander. Succeeded by. William F. Whiting. Director of the U. S. Food Administration. In office. August 1. Children. Herbert Jr. A Republican, as Secretary of Commerce in the 1. Progressive Era themes of efficiency in the business community and provided government support for standardization, efficiency and international trade. As president from 1. Great Depression, that seemed to get worse every year despite the increasingly large- scale interventions he made in the economy. He was defeated in a landslide in 1. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, and spent the rest of his life as a conservative denouncing big government, liberalism and federal intervention in economic affairs, as Democrats repeatedly used his Depression record to attack conservatism and justify more regulation of the economy. He was a professional mining engineer and was raised as a Quaker. Hoover served as head of the U. S. Food Administration during World War I, and became internationally known for humanitarian relief efforts in wartime Belgium. In the presidential election of 1. Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no elected- office experience. Hoover is the most recent cabinet secretary to be elected President of the United States, as well as one of only two Presidents (along with William Howard Taft) who had neither been elected to a national political office or governorship, nor served as military generals. He also believed in the importance of volunteerism and of the role of individuals in society and the economy. A rich man, Hoover donated all his federal paychecks to charity). He reluctantly approved the Smoot. He believed it was essential to balance the budget despite falling tax revenue, so he raised the tax rates. The economy kept falling and unemployment rates rose to about 2. This downward spiral, plus his support for prohibition policies that had lost favor, set the stage for Hoover's overwhelming defeat in 1. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, who promised a New Deal. After Roosevelt assumed the Presidency in 1. Hoover became a conservative spokesman for opposition to the domestic and foreign policies of the New Deal. In 1. 94. 7, President Harry S. Truman appointed Hoover to head the Hoover Commission, intended to foster greater efficiency throughout the federal bureaucracy. Most historians agree that Hoover's defeat in the 1. Hoover is usually ranked lower than average among U. S. Presidents. Family background and early life. His father, Jesse Hoover (1. Jesse Hoover and his father Eli had moved to Iowa from Ohio twenty years previously. Both of his parents were Quakers. At about age two he contracted the croup. He was so ill that he was momentarily thought to have died, until he was resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn. After working to retire her husband's debts, retain their life insurance, and care for the children, his mother died in 1. Hoover (age nine), his older brother, and his younger sister as orphans. In November 1. 88. Newberg, Oregon, to live with his uncle Dr. John Minthorn, a physician and businessman whose own son had died the year before. The Minthorn household was considered cultured and educational, and imparted a strong work ethic. Though he did not attend high school, Hoover attended night school and learned bookkeeping, typing and mathematics. Both Hoover and Lang had to find pots, bowls and any other available receptacles to collect admission fees. His geological training and work experience were well suited for the firm's objectives. Conditions were harsh in these goldfields even though he got a $5,0. After being appointed as mine manager at the age of 2. Sons of Gwaliagold mine at Gwalia. The firm's principals then offered Hoover a compelling promotion which would relocate him to China and also end the feud. She had been an Episcopalian and became a Quaker. The Hoovers had two sons, Herbert Charles Hoover (1. Before that, however, the happily married couple went to China, where Hoover had been sent by his firm in part to remove him from disputes with his supervisor in Australia. Hoover worked as chief engineer for the Chinese Bureau of Mines, and as general manager for the Chinese Engineering and Mining Corporation. Hoover's wife learned Mandarin Chinese (she was a first- rate linguist), and he also learned some of the language while he worked in China; it is said that they used it during his tenure at the White House when they wanted to foil eavesdroppers. For almost a month, the settlement was under fire, and both dedicated themselves to defense of their city. Hoover himself guided U. S. Marines around Tianjin during the battle, using his knowledge of the local terrain. Hoover meanwhile devoted her efforts at the various hospitals and even wielded, and willingly and accurately deployed, a . Hoover was also a director of Chinese Engineering and Mining Corporation (CEMC) when it became a supplier of immigrant labor from Southeast Asia for South African mines. By 1. 90. 6, the total number of immigrant workers increased to 5. CEMC. When the living and working conditions of the laborers became known, public opposition to the scheme grew and questions were asked in the British Parliament. The lead- silver ore produced at Broken Hill, New South Wales was rich in zinc. But the zinc could not be recovered due to . The froth flotation process was then being developed at Broken Hill, although the Zinc Corporation struggled to apply it. Lyster, originally a carpenter before becoming a foreman in the gravity mill, perfected the . Hoover, also came to Broken Hill. It lay in the middle of the desert, was unbelievably hot in summer, had no fresh water, no vegetation, and mountains of tailings blew into every crack with every wisp of wind. He left Bewick, Moreing & Co and, setting out on his own, eventually ended up with investments on every continent and offices in San Francisco, London, New York City, St. Petersburg, Paris and Mandalay, Burma. Then he agreed to manage one of the Russian Czar's Cabinet Mines located in the Altai Mountains. The oxidized lead- zinc- silver ore contained copper and gold as well. According to Hoover, . It recalled the nickname he had acquired in the Australian outback: . His lectures at Columbia and Stanford universities were published in 1. Principles of Mining. Hoover and his wife also published their English translation of the 1. De re metallica in 1. This translation from the Latin of Renaissance author Georgius Agricola is still the most important scholarly version and provides its historical context. It is still in print. By 1. 91. 4, Hoover was a wealthy man, with an estimated personal fortune of $4 million. The successful mine had yielded $5. He led 5. 00 volunteers in distributing food, clothing, steamship tickets and cash. I was on the slippery road of public life. The CRB obtained and imported millions of tons of foodstuffs for the CNSA to distribute, and watched over the CNSA to make sure the German army didn't appropriate the food. The CRB became a veritable independent republic of relief, with its own flag, navy, factories, mills, and railroads. Private donations and government grants (7. In an early form of shuttle diplomacy, he crossed the North Sea forty times to meet with German authorities and persuade them to allow food shipments, becoming an international hero. The Belgian city of Leuven named a prominent square Hooverplein after him. At its peak, Hoover's American Relief Administration (ARA) fed 1. Great Britain grew reluctant to support the CRB, preferring instead to emphasize Germany's obligation to supply the relief; Winston Churchill, whom Hoover intensely disliked, led a military faction that considered the Belgian relief effort . In a Memoranda dated December 3. Page wrote: Mr. Hoover, Chairman of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, would, if opportunity should offer, make a useful officer in the State Department. He is probably the only man living who has privately (i. British, French, German, Dutch, and Belgian governments. He personally knows and has had direct dealings with these governments, and his transactions with them have involved several hundred million dollars. He is a man of very considerable fortune. He was approached on behalf of the British Government with the suggestion that if he would become a British subject the Government would be pleased to give him an important executive post and with the hint that if he succeeded a title might await him. When the Belgian relief work recently struck a financial snag, Hoover by telegraph got the promise of a loan in the United States to the British and French governments for Belgian relief of $1. U. S. Food Administration, which was created under the Lever Food Control Act in 1. This was a position he actively sought, though he later claimed it was thrust upon him. He was convinced from his Belgian work that centralization of authority was essential to any relief effort; he demanded, and got, great power albeit not as much as he sought. This program helped reduce consumption of foodstuffs needed overseas and avoided rationing at home. The agency employed a system of price controls and licensing requirements for suppliers to maximize production. Despite efforts to prevent it, some companies reaped great profits. He used a newly formed Quaker organization, the American Friends Service Committee, to carry out much of the logistical work in Europe. Hoover provided aid to the defeated German nation after the war, as well as relief to famine- stricken Bolshevik- controlled areas of Russia in 1. Senator. Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans. When asked if he was not thus helping Bolshevism, Hoover retorted, . Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!
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